多线程 - 同步文案二

iOS中的线程同步方案

NSCondition

NSCondition是对mutex和cond的封装

用法

@interface NSCondition: NSObject<NSLocking> {
- (void)wait;
- (BOOL)waitUntilDate:(NSDate *)limit;
- (void)signal;
- (void)broadcast;
}
@end

示例：

#import "NSConditionDemo.h"

@interface NSConditionDemo()
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSCondition *condition;
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSMutableArray *data;
@end

@implementation NSConditionDemo

- (instancetype)init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        self.condition = [[NSCondition alloc] init];
        self.data = [NSMutableArray array];
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)otherTest {
    [[[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(__remove) object:nil] start];
    
    [[[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(__add) object:nil] start];
}

// 生产者-消费者模式

// 线程1
// 删除数组中的元素
- (void)__remove {
    [self.condition lock];
    NSLog(@"__remove - begin");
    
    if (self.data.count == 0) {
        // 等待
        [self.condition wait];
    }
    
    [self.data removeLastObject];
    NSLog(@"删除了元素");
    
    [self.condition unlock];
}

// 线程2
// 往数组中添加元素
- (void)__add {
    [self.condition lock];
    
    sleep(1);
    
    [self.data addObject:@"Test"];
    NSLog(@"添加了元素");
    
    // 信号
    [self.condition signal];
    // 广播
    //[self.condition broadcast];
    
    sleep(2);
    
    [self.condition unlock];
}
@end

NSConditionLock

NSConditionLock是对NSCondition的进一步封装，可以设置具体的条件值
线程之间的依赖

用法

@interface NSConditionLock: NSObject<NSLocking> {
@property (readonly) NSInteger condition;
- (instancetype)initWithCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
- (void)lockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
- (BOOL)tryLock;
- (BOOL)tryLockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
- (void)unLockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition;
- (BOOL)lockBeforeDate:(NSDate *)limit;
- (BOOL)lockWhenCondition:(NSInteger)condition beforeDate:(NSDate *)limit;
}
@end

示例：

#import "NSConditionLockDemo.h"

@interface NSConditionLockDemo()
@property (strong, nonatomic) NSConditionLock *conditionLock;
@end

@implementation NSConditionLockDemo

- (instancetype)init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        //condition默认是从0开始
        self.conditionLock = [[NSConditionLock alloc] initWithCondition:1];
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)otherTest {
    [[[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(__one) object:nil] start];
    
    [[[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(__two) object:nil] start];
    
    [[[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(__three) object:nil] start];
}

- (void)__one {
    [self.conditionLock lock];
    
    NSLog(@"__one");
    sleep(1);
    
    [self.conditionLock unlockWithCondition:2];
}

- (void)__two {
    [self.conditionLock lockWhenCondition:2];
    
    NSLog(@"__two");
    sleep(1);
    
    [self.conditionLock unlockWithCondition:3];
}

- (void)__three {
    [self.conditionLock lockWhenCondition:3];
    
    NSLog(@"__three");
    
    [self.conditionLock unlock];
}
@end

dispatch_semaphore

semaphore叫做”信号量”
信号量的初始值，可以用来控制线程并发访问的最大数量
信号量的初始值为1，代表同时只允许1条线程访问资源，保证线程同步

用法

// 信号量的初始值
int value = 1;
// 初始化信号量
dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(value);
// 如果信号量的值<0，当前线程就会进入休眠等待（直到信号量的值>0）
// 如果信号量的值>0，就减1，然后往下执行后面的代码
dispatch_semaphore_wait(semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
// 让信号是的值加1
dispatch_semaphore_signal(semaphore);

示例：

#import "SemaphoreDemo.h"

@interface SemaphoreDemo()
@property (strong, nonatomic) dispatch_semaphore_t semaphore;
@property (strong, nonatomic) dispatch_semaphore_t ticketSemaphore;
@property (strong, nonatomic) dispatch_semaphore_t moneySemaphore;
@end

@implementation SemaphoreDemo

- (instancetype)init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        self.semaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(5);
        self.ticketSemaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(1);
        self.moneySemaphore = dispatch_semaphore_create(1);
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)__drawMoney {
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(self.moneySemaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    [super __drawMoney];
    
    dispatch_semaphore_signal(self.moneySemaphore);
}

- (void)__saveMoney {
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(self.moneySemaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    [super __saveMoney];
    
    dispatch_semaphore_signal(self.moneySemaphore);
}

- (void)__saleTicket {
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(self.ticketSemaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    [super __saleTicket];
    
    dispatch_semaphore_signal(self.ticketSemaphore);
}

- (void)otherTest {
    for (int i = 0; i < 20; i++) {
        [[[NSThread alloc] initWithTarget:self selector:@selector(test) object:nil] start];
    }
}

// 线程10、7、6、9、8
- (void)test {
    // 如果信号量的值 > 0，就让信号量的值减1，然后继续往下执行代码
    // 如果信号量的值 <= 0，就会休眠等待，直到信号量的值变成>0，就让信号量的值减1，然后继续往下执行代码
    dispatch_semaphore_wait(self.semaphore, DISPATCH_TIME_FOREVER);
    
    sleep(2);
    NSLog(@"test - %@", [NSThread currentThread]);
    
    // 让信号量的值+1
    dispatch_semaphore_signal(self.semaphore);
}
@end

dispatch_queue

直接使用GCD的串行队列，也是可以实现线程同步的

用法

dispatch_queue_t = dispatch_queue_create("lock_queue", DISPATCH_QUEEU_SERIAL);
dispatch_sync(queue, ^{
    //任务...
})

示例：

#import "SerialQueueDemo.h"

@interface SerialQueueDemo()
@property (strong, nonatomic) dispatch_queue_t ticketQueue;
@property (strong, nonatomic) dispatch_queue_t moneyQueue;
@end

@implementation SerialQueueDemo

- (instancetype)init {
    if (self = [super init]) {
        self.ticketQueue = dispatch_queue_create("ticketQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
        self.moneyQueue = dispatch_queue_create("moneyQueue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL);
    }
    return self;
}

- (void)__drawMoney {
    dispatch_sync(self.moneyQueue, ^{
        [super __drawMoney];
    });
}

- (void)__saveMoney {
    dispatch_sync(self.moneyQueue, ^{
        [super __saveMoney];
    });
}

- (void)__saleTicket {
    dispatch_sync(self.ticketQueue, ^{
        [super __saleTicket];
    });
}
@end

@synchronized

@synchronized是对mutex递归锁的封装
源码查看：objc4中的objc-sync.mm文件
@synchronized(obj)内部会生成obj对应的递归锁，然后进行加锁、解锁操作

用法

1
2
3

@synchronized(obj) {
    //任务
}

示例：

#import "SynchronizedDemo.h"

@implementation SynchronizedDemo

- (void)__drawMoney {
    @synchronized([self class]) {
        [super __drawMoney];
    }
}

- (void)__saveMoney {
    @synchronized([self class]) { // objc_sync_enter
        [super __saveMoney];
    } // objc_sync_exit
}

- (void)__saleTicket {
    static NSObject *lock;
    static dispatch_once_t onceToken;
    dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{
        lock = [[NSObject alloc] init];
    });
    
    @synchronized(lock) {
        [super __saleTicket];
    }
}

- (void)otherTest {
    @synchronized([self class]) {
        NSLog(@"123");
        [self otherTest];
    }
}
@end

iOS中的读写安全方案

思考如何实现以下场景
- 同一时间，只能有1个线程进行写的操作
- 同一时间，允许有多个线程进行读的操作
- 同一时间，不允许既有写的操作，又有读的操作

上面的场景就是典型的“多读单写”，经常用于文件等数据的读写操作，iOS中的实现方案有

pthread_rwlock：读写锁

dispatch_barrier_async：异步栅栏调用

pthread_rwlock

等待锁的线程会进入休眠

用法

// 初始化锁
pthread_rwlock lock;
pthread_rwlock_init(&lock, NULL);
// 读 - 加锁
pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&lock);
// 读 - 尝试加锁
pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(&lock);
// 写 - 加锁
pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&lock);
// 写 - 尝试加锁
pthread_rwlock_trywrlock(&lock);
// 解锁
pthread_rwlock_unlock(&lock):
// 销毁
pthread_rwlock_destroy(&lock):

示例：

#import "ViewController.h"
#import <pthread.h>

@interface ViewController ()
@property (assign, nonatomic) pthread_rwlock_t lock;
@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
    // 初始化锁
    pthread_rwlock_init(&_lock, NULL);
    
    dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_get_global_queue(0, 0);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        dispatch_async(queue, ^{
            [self read];
        });
        dispatch_async(queue, ^{
            [self write];
        });
    }
}

- (void)read {
    pthread_rwlock_rdlock(&_lock);
    
    sleep(1);
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
    
    pthread_rwlock_unlock(&_lock);
}

- (void)write {
    pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&_lock);
    
    sleep(1);
    NSLog(@"%s", __func__);
    
    pthread_rwlock_unlock(&_lock);
}

- (void)dealloc {
    pthread_rwlock_destroy(&_lock);
}
@end

dispatch_barrier_async

这个函数传入的并发队列必须是自己通过dispatch_queue_cretate创建的
如果传入的是一个串行或是一个全局的并发队列，那这个函数便等同于dispatch_async函数的效果

用法

// 初始化队列
dispatch_queue_t queue = dispatch_queue_create("rw_queue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
// 读
dispatch_async(self.queue, ^{

});
// 写
dispatch_barrier_async(self.queue, ^{

});

示例：

#import "ViewController.h"
#import <pthread.h>

@interface ViewController ()
@property (strong, nonatomic) dispatch_queue_t queue;
@end

@implementation ViewController

- (void)viewDidLoad {
    [super viewDidLoad];
    
//    NSOperationQueue *queue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
//    queue.maxConcurrentOperationCount = 5;
    
//    dispatch_semaphore_create(5);
    
    self.queue = dispatch_queue_create("rw_queue", DISPATCH_QUEUE_CONCURRENT);
    
    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        dispatch_async(self.queue, ^{
            [self read];
        });
        
        dispatch_async(self.queue, ^{
            [self read];
        });
        
        dispatch_async(self.queue, ^{
            [self read];
        });
        
        //添加栅栏锁
        dispatch_barrier_async(self.queue, ^{
            [self write];
        });
    }
}

- (void)read {
    sleep(1);
    NSLog(@"read");
}

- (void)write {
    sleep(1);
    NSLog(@"write");
}

@end

atomic

atomic用于保证属性setter、getter的原子性操作，相当于在getter和setter内部加了线程同步的锁
可以参考源码objc4的objc-accessors.mm
它并不能保证使用属性的过程是线程安全的

iOS线程同步方案性能比较

性能从高到低排序

os_unfair_lock

OSSpinLock

dispatch_semaphore

pthread_mutex

dispatch_queue(DISPATCH_QUEUE_SERIAL)

NSLock

NSCondition

pthread_mutex(recursive)

NSRecursiveLock

NSConditionLock

@synchronized

自旋锁、互斥锁比较

什么情况使用自旋锁比较划算？

预计线程等待锁的时间很短

加锁的代码（临界区）经常被调用，但竞争情况很少发生

CPU资源不紧张

多核处理器

什么情况使用互斥锁比较划算？

预计线程等待锁的时间较长

单核处理器

临界区有IO操作

临界区代码复杂或者循环量大

临界区竞争非常激烈

高频面试题

你理解的多线程？
iOS的多线程方案有哪几种？你更倾向于哪一种？
你在项目中用过 GCD 吗？
GCD 的队列类型
说一下 OperationQueue 和 GCD 的区别，以及各自的优势
线程安全的处理手段有哪些？
OC你了解的锁有哪些？在你回答基础上进行二次提问；
- 追问一：自旋和互斥对比？
- 追问二：使用以上锁需要注意哪些？
- 追问三：用C/OC/C++，任选其一，实现自旋或互斥？口述即可！