定义

  • 协议可以用来定义方法、属性、下标的声明,协议可以被枚举、结构体、类遵守(多个协议之间用逗号隔开)
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protocol Drawable {
func draw()
var x: Int { get set }
var y: Int { get }
subscript(index: Int) -> Int { get set }
}

protocol Test1 {}
protocol Test2 {}
protocol Test3 {}
class TestClass : Test1, Test2, Test3 {}
  • 协议中定义方法时不能有默认参数值
  • 默认情况下,协议中定义的内容必须全部都实现
  • 也有办法办到只实现部分内容,后面会体现

协议中的属性

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protocol Drawable {
func draw()
var x: Int { get set }
var y: Int { get }
subscript(index: Int) -> Int { get set }
}

//第一种方式
class Person : Drawable {
var x: Int = 0
let y: Int = 0
func draw() {
print("Person draw")
}
subscript(index: Int) -> Int {
set {}
get { index }
}
}

//第2种方式
class Person : Drawable {
var x: Int {
get { 0 }
set {}
}
var y: Int { 0 }
func draw() { print("Person draw") }
subscript(index: Int) -> Int {
set {}
get { index }
}
}

static, class

  • 为了保证通用,协议中必须用static定义类型方法、类型属性、类型下标
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protocol Drawable {
static func draw()
}

class Person1 : Drawable {
class func draw() {
print("Person1 draw")
}
}

class Person2 : Drawable {
static func draw() {
print("Person2 draw")
}
}

mutating

  • 只有将协议中的实例方法标记为 mutating
    • 才允许结构体、枚举的具体实现修改自身内存
    • 类在实现方法时不用加 mutating ,枚举、结构体才需要添加 mutating
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protocol Drawable {
mutating func draw()
}

//类在实现方法时不用加mutating
class Size : Drawable {
var width: Int = 0
func draw() {
width = 10
}
}

//枚举、结构体才需要添加mutating
struct Point : Drawable {
var x: Int = 0
mutating func draw() {
x = 10
}
}

init

  • 协议中还可以定义初始化器init
  • 非final类实现时必须加上required
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protocol Drawable {
init(x: Int, y: Int)
}

class Point : Drawable {
required init(x: Int, y: Int) {}
}

final class Size : Drawable {
init(x: Int, y: Int) {}
}
  • 如果从协议实现的初始化器,刚好是重写了父类的指定初始化器
  • 那么这个初始化必须同时加上required, override
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protocol Livable {
init(age: Int)
}

class Person {
init(age: Int) {}
}

class Student : Person, Livable {
required override init(age: Int) {
super.init(age: age)
}
}

init、init?、init!

  • 协议中定义的init?、init!,可以用init、init?、init!去实现
  • 协议中定义的init,可以用init、init!去实现
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protocol Livable {
init()
init?(age: Int)
init!(no: Int)
}

class Person : Livable {
required init() {}
// required init!() {}

required init?(age: Int) {}
// required init!(age: Int) {}
// required init(age: Int) {}

required init!(no: Int) {}
// required init?(no: Int) {}
// required init(no: Int) {}
}

协议的继承

  • 一个协议可以继承其他协议
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protocol Runnable {
func run()
}

protocol Livable : Runnable {
func breath()
}

class Person : Livable {
func breath() {}
func run() {}
}

协议组合

  • 协议组合,可以包含1个类类型(最多1个)
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protocol Livable {}
protocol Runnable {}
class Person {}

// 接收Person或者其子类的实例
func fn0(obj: Person) {}

// 接收遵守Livable协议的实例
func fn1(obj: Livable) {}

// 接收同时遵守Livable、Runnable协议的实例
func fn2(obj: Livable & Runnable) {}

// 接收同时遵守Livable、Runnable协议、并且是Person或者其子类的实例
func fn3(obj: Person & Livable & Runnable) {}

typealias RealPerson = Person & Livable & Runnable
// 接收同时遵守Livable、Runnable协议、并且是Person或者其子类的实例
func fn4(obj: RealPerson) {}

CaseIterable

  • 让枚举遵守CaseIterable协议,可以实现遍历枚举值
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enum Season : CaseIterable {
case spring, summer, autumn, winter
}

let seasons = Season.allCases
print(seasons.count) // 4

for season in seasons {
print(season)
} // spring summer autumn winter

CustomStringConvertible

  • 遵守 CustomStringConvertible CustomDebugStringConvertible 协议,都可以自定义实例的打印字符串
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class Person : CustomStringConvertible, CustomDebugStringConvertible {
var age = 0
var description: String { "person_\(age)" }
var debugDescription: String { "debug_person_\(age)" }
}

var person = Person()
print(person) // person_0
debugPrint(person) // debug_person_0
  • print调用的是CustomStringConvertible协议的description
  • debugPrint、po调用的是CustomDebugStringConvertible协议的debugDescription

Any、AnyObject

  • Swift提供了2种特殊的类型:Any、AnyObject
  • Any:可以代表任意类型(枚举、结构体、类,也包括函数类型)
  • AnyObject:可以代表任意类类型(在协议后面写上:AnyObject代表只有类能遵守这个协议)
  • 在协议后面写上: class也代表只有类能遵守这个协议
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var stu: Any = 10
stu = "Jack"
stu = Student()

// 创建1个能存放任意类型的数组
// var data = Array<Any>()
var data = [Any]()
data.append(1)
data.append(3.14)
data.append(Student())
data.append("Jack")
data.append({ 10 })

is、as?、as!、as

  • is用来判断是否为某种类型,as用来做强制类型转换
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protocol Runnable { func run() }

class Person {}

class Student : Person, Runnable {
func run() {
print("Student run")
}
func study() {
print("Student study")
}
}

var stu: Any = 10
print(stu is Int) // true
stu = "Jack"
print(stu is String) // true
stu = Student()
print(stu is Person) // true
print(stu is Student) // true
print(stu is Runnable) // true

var stu: Any = 10
(stu as? Student)?.study() // 没有调用study
stu = Student()
(stu as? Student)?.study() // Student study
(stu as! Student).study() // Student study
(stu as? Runnable)?.run() // Student run

var data = [Any]()
data.append(Int("123") as Any)

var d = 10 as Double
print(d) // 10.0

X.self、X.Type、AnyClass

  • X.self是一个元类型(metadata)的指针,metadata存放着类型相关信息
  • X.self属于X.Type类型
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class Person {}
class Student : Person {}

var perType: Person.Type = Person.self
var stuType: Student.Type = Student.self
perType = Student.self

var anyType: AnyObject.Type = Person.self
anyType = Student.self

public typealias AnyClass = AnyObject.Type
var anyType2: AnyClass = Person.self
anyType2 = Student.self

var per = Person()
var perType = type(of: per) // Person.self
print(Person.self ` type(of: per)) // true

元类型的应用

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class Animal { required init() {} }
class Cat : Animal {}
class Dog : Animal {}
class Pig : Animal {}

func create(_ clses: [Animal.Type]) -> [Animal] {
var arr = [Animal]()
for cls in clses {
arr.append(cls.init())
}
return arr
}

print(create([Cat.self, Dog.self, Pig.self]))
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import Foundation
class Person {
var age: Int = 0 }
class Student : Person {
var no: Int = 0 }
print(class_getInstanceSize(Student.self)) // 32
print(class_getSuperclass(Student.self)!) // Person
print(class_getSuperclass(Person.self)!) // Swift._SwiftObject

Self

  • Self 一般用作返回值类型,限定返回值跟方法调用者必须是同一类型(也可以作为参数类型)
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protocol Runnable {
func test() -> Self
}

class Person : Runnable {
required init() {}
func test() -> Self { type(of: self).init() }
}

class Student : Person {}

var p = Person()
// Person
print(p.test())
var stu = Student()
// Student
print(stu.test())

参考

  • 李明杰老师课件